Position and Motion of Objects / Motion and Forces

Motion Definitions

Predicting Motion

Predicting Parabolic Motion

Slow Fast

•  Objects can move in various ways.
• Change the motion of an object by applying a force. The greater the force, the greater the change in motion.
• Objects can be balanced under some conditions.

•  Weight is the amount of gravitational pull on an object and is distinct from mass.
• An object’s motion can be described by its position, direction of motion, and speed.
• Distance vs. time graphs for constant speed.

•  Vector and scalar quantities.
• Displacement, distance, velocity, speed, and acceleration.
• Graphs of 1-dimensional motion.
• Newton’s three laws of motion.
• Free-body force diagrams show forces acting on a system consisting of a pair of interacting objects.
• Qualitative differences between static and kinetic friction, and their effects on the motion of objects.
• Newton’s law of universal gravitation.
• Forces involved in circular motion.

Forms of Energy / Conservation of Energy and Momentum

•  Basic forms of energy, which cause motion or create change.
• Energy can be transferred from one form to another.

•  Kinetic energy can be transformed into potential energy and vice versa.

• The law of conservation of energy.
• Energy can be converted from gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy and vice versa.
• Work can be expressed as a change in mechanical energy.
• Power can be expressed as work done per unit time.
• Linear momentum is the product of mass and velocity and is always conserved.

States of Matter

•  Objects and materials are solid, liquid, or gas.  Solids have a definite shape; liquids and gases take the shape of their container.

• Solids, liquids, and gases have distinct properties.
• Water can be changed from one state to another by adding or taking away heat. 

•  A substance has a melting point and a boiling point, both independent of the amount of the sample.

•  Average molecular kinetic energy is related to temperature. Energy is absorbed when a substance changes from a solid to a liquid to a gas, and energy is released when a substance changes from a gas to a liquid to a solid. Relationships exist among evaporation, condensation, cooling, and warming.
• Temperature change in a substance is related to the amount of heat transferred, and the amount and specific heat of the substance.

•  Temperature change results from adding or taking away heat energy from a system.
• The effect of heat on particle motion during a change in phase.
• Heat moves in predictable ways, moving from warmer to cooler objects until reaching equilibrium.

•  Heat energy is transferred by convection, conduction, and/or radiation.
• Heat energy will move from a higher temperature to a lower temperature until equilibrium is reached.

• Electricity in circuits requires a complete loop for an electrical current. Electricity can produce light, heat, and sound.
• Objects and materials can be conductors or insulators of electricity.
• Making and using electromagnets.
• Magnets have poles that repel and attract each other.
• A magnet will attract some objects and materials but not others. 

•  An electric charge tends to be static on insulators and can move on and in conductors. Energy can produce a separation of charges.
• Current, voltage, resistance, and the connections among them (Ohm’s law).
• Arrangements of components in series and parallel circuits. Symbols are used to represent the functions of common circuit elements in a schematic diagram.
• Attractive or repulsive forces between objects relative to their charges and the distance between them (Coulomb’s law).
• Electric current is a flow of charge caused by a potential difference, and power is equal to current multiplied by voltage.
• Moving electric charges produce magnetic forces and moving magnets produce electric forces. The interplay of electric and magnetic forces is the basis for many technologies.

• Sound is produced by vibrating objects and travels through a medium. The rate of vibration is related to the pitch of the sound.
• Light travels in a straight line until it strikes an object or travels from one medium to another. Light can be reflected, refracted, and absorbed.

•  The measurable properties of waves and the relationships among them; simple harmonic motion.
• Mechanical and electromagnetic waves.
• Transverse and longitudinal mechanical waves.
• Reflection and refraction of waves.
• Mechanical waves generally move faster through a solid than a liquid and faster through a liquid than a gas.
• The apparent change in frequency of waves due to the motion of a source or a receiver (the Doppler effect).
• Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves and travel at the speed of light through a vacuum.
• Electromagnetic spectrum in terms of frequency and wavelength, and the locations of different waves on the spectrum.